In the era of cloud computing, with the rise of virtualization and software-defined services, one might think that certain types of physical network equipment, such as network switches and routers, are becoming obsolete. But the opposite is true. Without routers and switches to establish remote connections for data packet transmission, “cloud” is meaningless. It is

In recent years, PON (passive optical network) access technology has been widely adopted by major telecom operators due to its advantages of no light source throughout the transmission process, large bandwidth capacity, high transmission rate, low cost, easy installation, and easy maintenance. In the PON system, the location of the OLT device node affects the

The full name of OLT is optical line terminal, which is a device which serves as the service provider endpoint of a passive optical network. It provides two main functions: 1.to perform conversion between the electrical signals used by the service provider’s equipment and the fiber optic signals used by the passive optical network. 2.to coordinate the multiplexing between the conversion devices